Observations and measurements of dynamic effects due to beam-beam interactions in the LHC and extrapolation to the FCC-hh

The Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) is a design study for a 100 TeV centre-of-mass energy. The dynamics of the beams in such a collider poses many challenges, in particular the amount of energy stored in each beam (8.4 GJ) makes them very destructive and therefore requires a tight control of the machine and beam parameters during the full cycle in order to avoid damages and reach the collider designed performances. The FCC-hh features an increase of the beam brightness during the cycle due to the presence of synchrotron radiation damping at high energy. As a result, the electromagnetic forces that the two beams exert on each other, the so-called beam-beam forces, are enhanced and might become an issue for the safe operation of the machine. In this new regime, the impact of the beam-beam interaction on the optics becomes non-negligible. In this master thesis, for the first time, the impact of the beam-beam interaction on the optics ($\beta$-beating) is measured in a hadron collider (LHC). The expected impact on luminosity and on the collimation hierarchy is addressed for the FCC-hh case.