Recherche de la production exotique de paires de quarks top de même signe au LHC avec le détecteur ATLAS

The Standard Model, which describes the particle interactions at quantum level, is an imperfect theory. It has several theoretical problems and is unable to explain astrophysical observations like the dark matter and the baryonic asymmetry of the universe. Several beyond-standard models have been proposed to solve some of these issues, and predict new-physics phenomena at high energy. The aim of this thesis is to search for these phenomena in proton-proton collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Part of the studies presented in this thesis was dedicated to the search for production of same-sign top quarks based on R-parity violating supersymmetric models. These processes lead to a signature of same-sign leptons and b-jets, which have the advantage to be lowly contaminated by the Standard Model background. The studies presented in this thesis focused on two analyses, both searching for new-physics phenomena of different nature in same-sign leptons events in data recorded by the ATLAS detector. A first analysis focused on supersymmetric processes with data recorded in 2015 and in 2016 with 36.1 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. Same-sign top quarks signals were implemented using R-parity violating supersymmetric processes, and signal regions associated to these processes were optimized. A second analysis focused on exotic (non-supersymmetric) processes with data recorded in 2015 with 3.2 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. This analysis was motivated by a modest excess seen in two signal regions in the 8 TeV results. Several studies were focused on the development and the validation of background estimation methods. No deviations from the Standard Model predictions were observed the signal regions considered in both analyses. The 8 TeV excess is therefore not confirmed with the most recent data. Exclusion limits on new-physics models were extracted, in particular for the R-parity violating supersymmetric models that were used to produce the same-sign top quarks processes.