Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics

IntroductionOverviewScales and DimensionsNight SkyConstellationsEarth, Sun, and the Solar SystemRetrograde Motion of PlanetsSidereal TimeAstronomical Catalogs and SoftwareObservationsElectromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic SpectrumTelescopesRefractor TelescopeReflecting TelescopeObservations at Visible FrequenciesTheoretical Limit on ResolutionSeeingMounting of TelescopeEquatorial MountAzimuthal MountInterferometerObservations at Other WavelengthsAstrometryCoordinate SystemsThe Horizontal SystemEquatorial Coordinate SystemEcliptic SystemGalactic Coordinate SystemSupergalactic Coordinate SystemSpace Velocity and Proper Motion of StarsDoppler EffectParallaxAberrationCoordinate TransformationsTransformation between Equatorial and Ecliptic Coordinate SystemsPrecession of EquinoxesEquatorial Mounting of a TelescopePhotometryIntroductionFlux Density and IntensityBlackbody RadiationEnergy Density in an Isotropic Radiation FieldMagnitude ScaleApparent MagnitudeAbsolute MagnitudeThe Color IndexBolometric MagnitudeStellar TemperaturesEffective TemperatureColor TemperatureAppendix: Solid AngleGravitation and Kepler's LawsTwo-Body ProblemApplication to Solar SystemVirial TheoremTidal Forces and Roche LimitStars, Stellar Spectra, and ClassificationIntroductionStellar Spectra Harvard Classification of Stellar SpectraSaha Equation Derivation of the Saha Equation Number of States of a Free Particle in a BoxHR DiagramStar Clusters and AssociationsDistance and Age Determination of Clusters using Color-Magnitude DiagramRadiation from Astronomical SourcesContinuous SpectraSynchrotron RadiationBremsstrahlungCompton ScatteringBound-Free TransitionsAbsorption and Emission Line SpectrumRadial Velocity due to Doppler EffectCauses of Finite Width of Spectral LinesMolecular Band SpectraExtinctionExtinction CoefficientColor ExcessStellar StructurePressure GradientMass DistributionEnergy ProductionTemperature GradientRadiative TransportConvective TransportBoundary ConditionsRosseland Mean OpacityEquation of StateIdeal Gas LawStellar Energy SourcesAppendix: Maxwell-Boltzmann DistributionStellar Nuclear ReactionsFundamental InteractionsFundamental ParticlesA Brief Introduction to NeutrinosPP Chain Nuclear Reaction RateNuclear Reaction Rate: DerivationNuclear Cross-SectionEstimating the Nuclear Reaction RateEnergy Released in Nuclear ReactionsStandard Solar ModelStar Formation and Stellar EvolutionEarly Stage of Star FormationFragmentationEvolution on the Main SequenceDegenerate Free Electron GasEvolution beyond the Main SequencePopulation I and II StarsWhite DwarfsNeutron StarBlack HolesSupernovaThe SunSolar AtmospherePhotosphereChromosphereCoronaDynamo Mechanism for Magnetic Field EnhancementSunspots and the Solar CycleSome Transient Phenomena The Solar SystemOrbital Properties of PlanetsRetrograde Motion of PlanetsAlbedo and Temperature of PlanetsTerrestrial Planets: Interior StructureJovian PlanetsThe MoonEclipses and OccultationsWhy Did Pluto Lose Its Planetship?Formation of the Solar SystemBinary StarsKinematics of a Binary Star SystemClassification of Binary StarsMass DeterminationMass Transfer in Binary SystemsThe Milky WayThe Distance Ladder Distribution of Matter in the Milky WayDifferential Rotation of the Milky Way Mapping the Galactic Disk with Radio WavesFormation of the Spiral ArmsGalaxiesElliptical GalaxiesSpiral GalaxiesEvidence for Dark MatterGalaxy ClustersCosmologyEuclidean SpaceCurved SpaceMinkowski Space-TimeBig Bang CosmologyCosmological Redshift and Hubble's LawFRW Line ElementMatter and RadiationCosmological Evolution EquationsAccelerating Universe and Dark EnergyThe Early Universe Primordial NucleosynthesisRecombination Structure Formation Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) Active GalaxiesIntroduction Active Galactic Nuclei: Some Basic PropertiesSize of AGNs Luminosity Superluminal MotionClassification of Active GalaxiesSeyfert GalaxiesRadio GalaxiesQuasars Blazars Unified Description of AGNsAppendix: Fundamental Constants and Conversion of UnitsIndex.