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Hydrodynamization in systems with detailed transverse profiles

The observation of fluid-like behavior in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions motivates systematic studies of how different measurements approach their fluid-dynamic limit. We have developed numerical methods to solve the ultra-relativistic Boltzmann equati...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kurkela, Aleksi, Taghavi, Seyed Farid, Wiedemann, Urs Achim, Wu, Bin
Lenguaje:eng
Publicado: 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135901
http://cds.cern.ch/record/2724001
Descripción
Sumario:The observation of fluid-like behavior in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions motivates systematic studies of how different measurements approach their fluid-dynamic limit. We have developed numerical methods to solve the ultra-relativistic Boltzmann equation for systems of arbitrary size and transverse geometry. Here, we apply these techniques for the first time to the study of azimuthal flow coefficients $v_n$ including non-linear mode-mode coupling and to an initial condition with realistic event-by-event fluctuations. We show how both linear and non-linear response coefficients extracted from $v_n$ develop as a function of opacity from free streaming to perfect fluidity. We note in particular that away from the fluid-dynamic limit, the signal strength of linear and non-linear response coefficients does not reduce uniformly, but that their hierarchy and relative size shows characteristic differences.