Analysis of identified particle transverse momentum spectra produced in pp, p--Pb and Pb--Pb collisions at the LHC using Tsallis--Pareto-type function

In the framework of a multi-source thermal model at the partonic level, we have analyzed transverse momentum spectra of hadrons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton–proton ( or p–p) collisions at the center-of-mass energy of and 13 TeV, proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions at TeV, and lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at TeV. For mesons (baryons), the contributions of two (three) constituent quarks are considered, in which each quark contributes to hadron transverse momentum to obey the revised phenomenological Tsallis transverse momentum distribution for Maxwell–Boltzmann particles (the TP-like function, in short) with isotropic random azimuthal angles. Three main parameters, namely, the revised index , effective temperature T, and entropy-related index n, are obtained, showing the same tendency for both small and large systems with respect to the centrality (or multiplicity) of events, the rest mass of hadrons, and the constituent mass of quarks.