Closed Form Formulas of the Indirect Space Charge Wake Function for Axisymmetric Structures

Indirect space charge contributes significantly to the impedance of non-ultrarelativistic machines such as the LEIR, PSB and PS at CERN. While general expressions exist in frequency domain for the beam coupling impedance, the time domain wake function is typically obtained numerically, thanks to an inverse Fourier transform. An analytical expression for the indirect space charge wake function, including the time dependence as a function of particle velocity, is nevertheless highly desirable to improve the accuracy of time domain beam dynamics simulations of coherent instabilities. In this work, a general formula for the indirect space charge wake function is derived from the residue theorem. Moreover, simple approximated expressions reproducing the time and velocity dependence are also provided, which can even be corrected to recover an exact formula, thanks to a numerical factor computed once for all. The expressions obtained are successfully benchmarked with a purely numerical approach based on the Fourier transform.