Image Sensor Technology for Beam Instrumentation

Beam monitors using cameras have evolved from qualitative beam observation to precision measurements. After a description of the two main TV standards, the various sensors: TV tubes (Vidicon), solid state sensors (Interline and Frame Transfer CCDs, CMOS and CID X-Y matrices), and Fast Shutter/Intensifiers of the MCP type are reviewed. Comparative resolution measurements for the various sensors described are given. The two types of sensor acquisition hardware: "frame grabbers" and "digital cameras", are described. Finally the special requirements and the image processing for beam instrumentation are reviewed, including radiation hardness, spectral sensitivity, fast acquisitions and enlarged dynamic range.