Specification of Four New Large 4.5 K Helium Refrigerators for the LHC

The cooling capacity for the superconducting magnets in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN will be provided by eight helium refrigerators serving the eight 3.3 km long machine sectors. Of these eight refrigerators, four are already existing and are currently used for the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) project. These existing refrigerators have to be modified to serve the requirements for the LHC. Four new refrigerators providing cooling capacity down to 4.5 K will be added. All eight 4.5 K refrigerators will be completed by 1.8 K cooling stages. This presentation recalls the cryogenic architecture of the LHC, the constraints in process design resulting from it and from the desired capacity for steady state and transient operation. It then describes how these requirements were expressed in the technical specification for the four new 4.5 K refrigerators to be delivered between the years 2000 and 2002.