Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande

The flow of physics thoughts which have led to the conception of the experiments in the Kamioka Mine will be presented. A discussion will follow on the three main results from these experiments, i.e., 1) the observation of neutrinos from SN1987a; 2) the study of solar neutrinos; 3) the observation of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly. A new branch of physics, Observational Neutrino Astrophysics, has thereby been established. This has opened the way to studies of new physics related to non-zero neutrino masses. Some future possibilities will be discussed.