Electron cloud at the KEKB Low-Energy Ring: Simulations of central cloud density, bunch filling, patterns, magnetic fields, and lost electrons

We report various electron-cloud simulations for the Low Energy Ring (LER) of KEKB. These address the evolution of the electron-cloud density at the center of the vacuum chamber,the effect of z-dependent quadrupole, dipole and solenoid fields,the response of the electron cloud to several bunch trains and filling patterns,the spatial electron distribution, and the characteristics of electrons lost to the wall. Comparing simulations and measurements, the present vertical blow up appears to be more consistent with simulations for field-free regions than with those for a quadrupole field.Thus, we recommend that further C yoke magnets be installed to cover as much of the ring circumference as possible,including the straight sections.In addition, we show that a C yoke magnet configuration with adjacent magnets of alternating polarity is about two times more effective than one of equal polarity.More efficient still would be a solenoid field,which promises a suppression by an additional factor of 3-6. Our simulations also indicate that more than 50% of the electrons in the vacuum chamber are created by secondary emission andnot by the primary photoemission.Thus, also measures aimed at reducing secondary emission could suppress the vertical beam-size blow up.