CKM Phenomenology and B-Meson Physics: Present Status and Current Issues

We review the status of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements and the CP-violating phases in the CKM-unitarity triangle. The emphasis in these lecture notes is on $B$-meson physics, though we also review the current status and issues in the light quark sector of this matrix. Selected applications of theoretical methods in QCD used in the interpretation of data are given and some of the issues restricting theoretical precision on the CKM matrix elements discussed. The overall consistency of the CKM theory with the available data in flavour physics is impressive and we quantify this consistency. Current data also show some anomalies which, however, are not yet statistically significant. They are discussed briefly. Some benchmark measurements that remain to be done in experiments at the $B$-factories and hadron colliders are listed. Together with the already achieved results, they will provide unprecedented tests of the CKM theory and by the same token may lead to the discovery of new physics.