On the coupling impedance for particles with opposite velocities

As already shown by several authors, the reciprocity theorem can be rewritten as a simple formula connecting the longitudinal coupling impedances of a particle travelling in the positive and negative directions of an infinitely long vacuum chamber crossing a scattering structure (cavity, step junction, iris, etc.) of general shape. The formula is valid for any particle velocity. As an example, we consider the case of two semi-infinite circular vacuum chambers with different radii; for this case we give the explicit difference between the coupling impedances and the wake potentials. (orig.)