Single-beam collective phenomena-longitudinal

Collective phenomena in circular accelerators and storage rings are effects caused by the presence of a large number of particles in the beam. These effects make a high intensity beam behave differently from a single particle which is entirely determined by the guide field. A large number of particles moving in their surroundings create sizable fields which act back on the beam. The most important collective phenomena are instabilities; a small deviation from the nominal distribution of particles in longitudinal position and energy creates fields which increase this initial deviation. (29 refs).