Long-Range Beam-Beam Orbit Effects in LHC, Simulations and Observations From Machine Operation in 2016

To limit the number of head on collisions to only one at the interaction point in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), two beams are colliding with a non zero crossing angle. Under the presence of such angle the closed orbits of the individual bunches in the bunch train varies due to the long-range beam-beam effects. These variations leave a signature as a non zero transverse offset at the collision points visible in the front and trail of the bunch train. When operation team aims for the optimised beam orbit and therefore maximised luminosity, those front and tail bunches due to the overall offset experience reduced luminosity. This paper describes an overview of the existing tool for simulating these effects and compares to operational data. The effects of different operational scenarios (i.e. beam brightness, reduced or asymmetric crossing angles between the interaction points etc.) are simulated and discussed.