State of the art and challenges in measurements and transducers for cryogenic monitoring

Mainstreams in research on measurement systems for cryogenic process monitoring are reviewed with the aim of defining key current trends and possible future evolutions. At this aim, research mainstreams are classified according to the measurand: liquid level, flow rate, and pressure. In these fields, research on innovative measurement systems is surveyed, by highlighting main basic ideas, original design solutions, main results, and positioning in the innovation landscape. Then, current and future research trends are outlined in order to draw evolution scenarios of measurement systems for cryogenics monitoring.