The Adaptive Force as a Potential Biomechanical Parameter in the Recovery Process of Patients with Long COVID

Long COVID patients show symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle weakness and pain. Adequate diagnostics are still lacking. Investigating muscle function might be a beneficial approach. The holding capacity (maximal isometric Adaptive Force; AFiso(max)) was previously suggested to be especially sensitive for impairments. This longitudinal, non-clinical study aimed to investigate the AF in long COVID patients and their recovery process. AF parameters of elbow and hip flexors were assessed in 17 patients at three time points (pre: long COVID state, post: immediately after first treatment, end: recovery) by an objectified manual muscle test. The tester applied an increasing force on the limb of the patient, who had to resist isometrically for as long as possible. The intensity of 13 common symptoms were queried. At pre, patients started to lengthen their muscles at ~50% of the maximal AF (AF(max)), which was then reached during eccentric motion, indicating unstable adaptation. At post and end, AFiso(max) increased significantly to ~99% and 100% of AF(max), respectively, reflecting stable adaptation. AF(max) was statistically similar for all three time points. Symptom intensity decreased significantly from pre to end. The findings revealed a substantially impaired maximal holding capacity in long COVID patients, which returned to normal function with substantial health improvement. AFiso(max) might be a suitable sensitive functional parameter to assess long COVID patients and to support therapy process.