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Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland
Parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas and particle fraction were measured between May and August 2021 at a coastal urban site in Poland, to examine their chemical characteristics, distribution, sources, deposition fluxes and interactions with basic meteorological drivers. The mea...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001597/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36901482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054475 |
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author | Siudek, Patrycja |
author_facet | Siudek, Patrycja |
author_sort | Siudek, Patrycja |
collection | PubMed |
description | Parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas and particle fraction were measured between May and August 2021 at a coastal urban site in Poland, to examine their chemical characteristics, distribution, sources, deposition fluxes and interactions with basic meteorological drivers. The mean concentration of PAHs in the gas phase was significantly higher (26.26 ± 15.83 ng m(−3)) than levels measured in the particle phase (1.77 ± 1.26 ng m(−3)). The highest concentration in the gas phase was found for phenanthrene (Phe), followed by fluoranthene (Flt), acenaphthene (Ace) and naphthalene (Naph). The contribution from each group of PAHs to the total particulate phase accounted for 50%, 25%, 14% and 12% for 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring compounds, respectively. The mean ΣPAH deposition flux was 59 ± 24 ng m(−2) day(−1). During the whole field campaign, the efficient removal of PM-bound PAHs was typically observed after precipitation events. Based on statistical analysis, it was found that 4-ring PAHs were less effectively removed (25%) by daily precipitation as compared to 5- and 6-ring components, whose fluxes decreased by 32% and 53%, respectively. This study revealed local urban sources such as vehicular emissions, coal-fired power plants, shipping activities, docks/ports infrastructure and municipal solid waste recycling units as predominant contributors to PM-bound and gas-phase PAHs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10001597 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100015972023-03-11 Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland Siudek, Patrycja Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas and particle fraction were measured between May and August 2021 at a coastal urban site in Poland, to examine their chemical characteristics, distribution, sources, deposition fluxes and interactions with basic meteorological drivers. The mean concentration of PAHs in the gas phase was significantly higher (26.26 ± 15.83 ng m(−3)) than levels measured in the particle phase (1.77 ± 1.26 ng m(−3)). The highest concentration in the gas phase was found for phenanthrene (Phe), followed by fluoranthene (Flt), acenaphthene (Ace) and naphthalene (Naph). The contribution from each group of PAHs to the total particulate phase accounted for 50%, 25%, 14% and 12% for 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring compounds, respectively. The mean ΣPAH deposition flux was 59 ± 24 ng m(−2) day(−1). During the whole field campaign, the efficient removal of PM-bound PAHs was typically observed after precipitation events. Based on statistical analysis, it was found that 4-ring PAHs were less effectively removed (25%) by daily precipitation as compared to 5- and 6-ring components, whose fluxes decreased by 32% and 53%, respectively. This study revealed local urban sources such as vehicular emissions, coal-fired power plants, shipping activities, docks/ports infrastructure and municipal solid waste recycling units as predominant contributors to PM-bound and gas-phase PAHs. MDPI 2023-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC10001597/ /pubmed/36901482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054475 Text en © 2023 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Siudek, Patrycja Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title | Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title_full | Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title_fullStr | Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title_full_unstemmed | Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title_short | Summertime Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coastal City of Northern Poland |
title_sort | summertime characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coastal city of northern poland |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001597/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36901482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054475 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT siudekpatrycja summertimecharacteristicsofatmosphericpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsinacoastalcityofnorthernpoland |