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Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training

Severe energy deficit may impair hormonal regulation and physical performance in military trainings. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between energy intake, expenditure, and balance, hormones and military performance during a winter survival training. Two groups were studied: th...

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Autores principales: Nykänen, Tarja, Ojanen, Tommi, Vaara, Jani P., Pihlainen, Kai, Heikkinen, Risto, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Fogelholm, Mikael
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001933/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36901097
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054086
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author Nykänen, Tarja
Ojanen, Tommi
Vaara, Jani P.
Pihlainen, Kai
Heikkinen, Risto
Kyröläinen, Heikki
Fogelholm, Mikael
author_facet Nykänen, Tarja
Ojanen, Tommi
Vaara, Jani P.
Pihlainen, Kai
Heikkinen, Risto
Kyröläinen, Heikki
Fogelholm, Mikael
author_sort Nykänen, Tarja
collection PubMed
description Severe energy deficit may impair hormonal regulation and physical performance in military trainings. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between energy intake, expenditure, and balance, hormones and military performance during a winter survival training. Two groups were studied: the FEX group (n = 46) had 8-day garrison and field training, whereas the RECO group (n = 26) had a 36-h recovery period after the 6-day garrison and field training phase. Energy intake was assessed by food diaries, expenditure via heart rate variability, body composition by bioimpedance, and hormones by blood samples. Strength, endurance and shooting tests were done for evaluating military performance. PRE 0 d, MID 6 d, POST 8 d measurements were carried out. Energy balance was negative in PRE and MID (FEX −1070 ± 866, −4323 ± 1515; RECO −1427 ± 1200, −4635 ± 1742 kcal·d(−1)). In POST, energy balance differed between the groups (FEX −4222 ± 1815; RECO −608 ± 1107 kcal·d(−1) (p < 0.001)), as well as leptin, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and endurance performance (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). Changes in energy intake and expenditure were partially associated with changes in leptin and the testosterone/cortisol ratio, but not with physical performance variables. The 36-h recovery restored energy balance and hormonal status after strenuous military training, but these outcomes were not associated with strength or shooting performance.
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spelling pubmed-100019332023-03-11 Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training Nykänen, Tarja Ojanen, Tommi Vaara, Jani P. Pihlainen, Kai Heikkinen, Risto Kyröläinen, Heikki Fogelholm, Mikael Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Severe energy deficit may impair hormonal regulation and physical performance in military trainings. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between energy intake, expenditure, and balance, hormones and military performance during a winter survival training. Two groups were studied: the FEX group (n = 46) had 8-day garrison and field training, whereas the RECO group (n = 26) had a 36-h recovery period after the 6-day garrison and field training phase. Energy intake was assessed by food diaries, expenditure via heart rate variability, body composition by bioimpedance, and hormones by blood samples. Strength, endurance and shooting tests were done for evaluating military performance. PRE 0 d, MID 6 d, POST 8 d measurements were carried out. Energy balance was negative in PRE and MID (FEX −1070 ± 866, −4323 ± 1515; RECO −1427 ± 1200, −4635 ± 1742 kcal·d(−1)). In POST, energy balance differed between the groups (FEX −4222 ± 1815; RECO −608 ± 1107 kcal·d(−1) (p < 0.001)), as well as leptin, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and endurance performance (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). Changes in energy intake and expenditure were partially associated with changes in leptin and the testosterone/cortisol ratio, but not with physical performance variables. The 36-h recovery restored energy balance and hormonal status after strenuous military training, but these outcomes were not associated with strength or shooting performance. MDPI 2023-02-24 /pmc/articles/PMC10001933/ /pubmed/36901097 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054086 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Nykänen, Tarja
Ojanen, Tommi
Vaara, Jani P.
Pihlainen, Kai
Heikkinen, Risto
Kyröläinen, Heikki
Fogelholm, Mikael
Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title_full Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title_fullStr Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title_full_unstemmed Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title_short Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training
title_sort energy balance, hormonal status, and military performance in strenuous winter training
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001933/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36901097
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054086
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