Intermittent hypoxia treatments cause cellular priming in human microglia

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep‐disordered breathing characterized by nocturnal collapses of the upper airway resulting in cycles of blood oxygen partial pressure oscillations, which lead to tissue and cell damage due to intermittent hypoxia (IH) episodes. Since OSAS‐derived IH may lead to cognitive impairment through not fully cleared mechanisms, herein we developed a new in vitro model mimicking IH conditions to shed light on its molecular effects on microglial cells, with particular attention to the inflammatory response. The in vitro model was set‐up and validated by measuring the hypoxic state, HIF‐1α levels, oxidative stress by ROS production and mitochondrial activity by MTS assay. Then, the mRNA and protein levels of certain inflammatory markers (NF‐κB and interleukin 6 (IL‐6)) after different IH treatment protocols were investigated. The IH treatments followed by a normoxic period were not able to produce a high inflammatory state in human microglial cells. Nevertheless, microglia appeared to be in a state characterized by increased expression of NF‐κB and markers related to a primed phenotype. The microglia exposed to IH cycles and stimulated with exogenous IL‐1β resulted in an exaggerated inflammatory response with increased NF‐κB and IL‐6 expression, suggesting a role for primed microglia in OSAS‐driven neuroinflammation.