Low Dose of BPA Induces Liver Injury through Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Long–Evans Lactating Rats and Its Perinatal Effect on Female PND6 Offspring

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic compound used in plastics elaboration for food protection or packaging. BPA-monomers can be released into the food chain, resulting in continuous and ubiquitous low-dose human exposure. This exposure during prenatal development is especially critical and could lead to alterations in ontogeny of tissues increasing the risk of developing diseases in adulthood. The aim was to evaluate whether BPA administration (0.036 mg/kg b.w./day and 3.42 mg/kg b.w./day) to pregnant rats could induce liver injury by generating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and whether these effects may be observed in female postnatal day-6 (PND6) offspring. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx and GST), glutathione system (GSH/GSSG) and lipid-DNA damage markers (MDA, LPO, NO, 8-OHdG) were measured using colorimetric methods. Inducers of oxidative stress (HO-1d, iNOS, eNOS), inflammation (IL-1β) and apoptosis (AIF, BAX, Bcl-2 and BCL-XL) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in liver of lactating dams and offspring. Hepatic serum markers and histology were performed. Low dose of BPA caused liver injury in lactating dams and had a perinatal effect in female PND6 offspring by increasing oxidative stress levels, triggering an inflammatory response and apoptosis pathways in the organ responsible for detoxification of this endocrine disruptor.