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Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresi...

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Autores principales: Burko, Pavel, D’Amico, Giuseppa, Miltykh, Ilia, Scalia, Federica, Conway de Macario, Everly, Macario, Alberto J. L., Giglia, Giuseppe, Cappello, Francesco, Caruso Bavisotto, Celeste
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10003080/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36902314
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054883
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author Burko, Pavel
D’Amico, Giuseppa
Miltykh, Ilia
Scalia, Federica
Conway de Macario, Everly
Macario, Alberto J. L.
Giglia, Giuseppe
Cappello, Francesco
Caruso Bavisotto, Celeste
author_facet Burko, Pavel
D’Amico, Giuseppa
Miltykh, Ilia
Scalia, Federica
Conway de Macario, Everly
Macario, Alberto J. L.
Giglia, Giuseppe
Cappello, Francesco
Caruso Bavisotto, Celeste
author_sort Burko, Pavel
collection PubMed
description Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresistance. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance and discuss research to stop it and install anti-tumor defenses. Factors that participate in radioresistance are varied and include stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, the chaperone system, non-coding RNAs, DNA repair, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We direct our attention toward EVs because they are emerging as promising candidates as diagnostic and prognostication tools and as the basis for developing nanodevices for delivering anti-cancer agents directly into the tumor mass. EVs are relatively easy to obtain and manipulate to endow them with the desired anti-cancer properties and to administer them using minimally invasive procedures. Thus, isolating EVs from a GBM patient, supplying them with the necessary anti-cancer agent and the capability of recognizing a specified tissue-cell target, and reinjecting them into the original donor appears, at this time, as a reachable objective of personalized medicine.
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spelling pubmed-100030802023-03-11 Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles? Burko, Pavel D’Amico, Giuseppa Miltykh, Ilia Scalia, Federica Conway de Macario, Everly Macario, Alberto J. L. Giglia, Giuseppe Cappello, Francesco Caruso Bavisotto, Celeste Int J Mol Sci Review Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresistance. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance and discuss research to stop it and install anti-tumor defenses. Factors that participate in radioresistance are varied and include stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, the chaperone system, non-coding RNAs, DNA repair, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We direct our attention toward EVs because they are emerging as promising candidates as diagnostic and prognostication tools and as the basis for developing nanodevices for delivering anti-cancer agents directly into the tumor mass. EVs are relatively easy to obtain and manipulate to endow them with the desired anti-cancer properties and to administer them using minimally invasive procedures. Thus, isolating EVs from a GBM patient, supplying them with the necessary anti-cancer agent and the capability of recognizing a specified tissue-cell target, and reinjecting them into the original donor appears, at this time, as a reachable objective of personalized medicine. MDPI 2023-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC10003080/ /pubmed/36902314 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054883 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Burko, Pavel
D’Amico, Giuseppa
Miltykh, Ilia
Scalia, Federica
Conway de Macario, Everly
Macario, Alberto J. L.
Giglia, Giuseppe
Cappello, Francesco
Caruso Bavisotto, Celeste
Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title_full Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title_fullStr Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title_full_unstemmed Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title_short Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?
title_sort molecular pathways implicated in radioresistance of glioblastoma multiforme: what is the role of extracellular vesicles?
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10003080/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36902314
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054883
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