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Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data
Due to technological developments, wearable sensors for monitoring the behavior of farm animals have become cheaper, have a longer lifespan and are more accessible for small farms and researchers. In addition, advancements in deep machine learning methods provide new opportunities for behavior recog...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10006954/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36904813 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052611 |
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author | Bloch, Victor Frondelius, Lilli Arcidiacono, Claudia Mancino, Massimo Pastell, Matti |
author_facet | Bloch, Victor Frondelius, Lilli Arcidiacono, Claudia Mancino, Massimo Pastell, Matti |
author_sort | Bloch, Victor |
collection | PubMed |
description | Due to technological developments, wearable sensors for monitoring the behavior of farm animals have become cheaper, have a longer lifespan and are more accessible for small farms and researchers. In addition, advancements in deep machine learning methods provide new opportunities for behavior recognition. However, the combination of the new electronics and algorithms are rarely used in PLF, and their possibilities and limitations are not well-studied. In this study, a CNN-based model for the feeding behavior classification of dairy cows was trained, and the training process was analyzed considering a training dataset and the use of transfer learning. Commercial acceleration measuring tags, which were connected by BLE, were fitted to cow collars in a research barn. Based on a dataset including 33.7 cow × days (21 cows recorded during 1–3 days) of labeled data and an additional free-access dataset with similar acceleration data, a classifier with F1 = 93.9% was developed. The optimal classification window size was 90 s. In addition, the influence of the training dataset size on the classifier accuracy was analyzed for different neural networks using the transfer learning technique. While the size of the training dataset was being increased, the rate of the accuracy improvement decreased. Beginning from a specific point, the use of additional training data can be impractical. A relatively high accuracy was achieved with few training data when the classifier was trained using randomly initialized model weights, and a higher accuracy was achieved when transfer learning was used. These findings can be used for the estimation of the necessary dataset size for training neural network classifiers intended for other environments and conditions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10006954 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100069542023-03-12 Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data Bloch, Victor Frondelius, Lilli Arcidiacono, Claudia Mancino, Massimo Pastell, Matti Sensors (Basel) Article Due to technological developments, wearable sensors for monitoring the behavior of farm animals have become cheaper, have a longer lifespan and are more accessible for small farms and researchers. In addition, advancements in deep machine learning methods provide new opportunities for behavior recognition. However, the combination of the new electronics and algorithms are rarely used in PLF, and their possibilities and limitations are not well-studied. In this study, a CNN-based model for the feeding behavior classification of dairy cows was trained, and the training process was analyzed considering a training dataset and the use of transfer learning. Commercial acceleration measuring tags, which were connected by BLE, were fitted to cow collars in a research barn. Based on a dataset including 33.7 cow × days (21 cows recorded during 1–3 days) of labeled data and an additional free-access dataset with similar acceleration data, a classifier with F1 = 93.9% was developed. The optimal classification window size was 90 s. In addition, the influence of the training dataset size on the classifier accuracy was analyzed for different neural networks using the transfer learning technique. While the size of the training dataset was being increased, the rate of the accuracy improvement decreased. Beginning from a specific point, the use of additional training data can be impractical. A relatively high accuracy was achieved with few training data when the classifier was trained using randomly initialized model weights, and a higher accuracy was achieved when transfer learning was used. These findings can be used for the estimation of the necessary dataset size for training neural network classifiers intended for other environments and conditions. MDPI 2023-02-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10006954/ /pubmed/36904813 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052611 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Bloch, Victor Frondelius, Lilli Arcidiacono, Claudia Mancino, Massimo Pastell, Matti Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title | Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title_full | Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title_fullStr | Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title_full_unstemmed | Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title_short | Development and Analysis of a CNN- and Transfer-Learning-Based Classification Model for Automated Dairy Cow Feeding Behavior Recognition from Accelerometer Data |
title_sort | development and analysis of a cnn- and transfer-learning-based classification model for automated dairy cow feeding behavior recognition from accelerometer data |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10006954/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36904813 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052611 |
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