Determinants of childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: Childhood vaccination is a cost-effective, essential service to reach a larger population globally. Due to unclear reasons, new emergence and resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases increase. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify prevalence and determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: We used data from 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The survey included all the nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 1008 children 12–23 months of age was included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A multilevel proportional odds model was fitted to identify determinants of childhood vaccination status. In the final model, variables with a p value of less than 5% and an adjusted OR (AOR) with a 95% CI were reported. RESULT: The full childhood vaccination coverage of Ethiopia was 39.09% (95% CI: 36.06%–42.28%). Mothers who attended primary (AOR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.43–3.26), secondary (AOR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.07–3.79) and higher education (AOR=2.67; 95% CI: 1.25–5.71); being in union (AOR=2.21; 95% CI: 1.06–4.58); kept vaccination cards (AOR=26.18; 95% CI: 15.75–43.53); children receiving vitamin A(1) (AOR=4.14; 95% CI: 2.9–5.9); living in Afar (AOR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.04–0.45), Somali (AOR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.06–0.60), Gambela (AOR=0.22; 95% CI: 0.06–0.77), Harari (AOR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.04–0.52) and Dire Dawa (AOR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.06–0.79) regions; and rural residents (AOR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.30–0.93) were factors significantly associated with childhood vaccination. CONCLUSION: The full childhood vaccination coverage in Ethiopia was low and remained unchanged since 2016. The study identified that both the individual-level and community-level factors affected the vaccination status. Accordingly, public health interventions targeted to these identified factors can increase childhood full vaccination status.