Pursuing neutrophils: systematic scoping review on blood-based biomarkers as predictors of treatment outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Long-term management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is challenging and the identification of reliable predictors for treatment outcomes is an unmet need. Neutrophil-related biomarkers have been mainly studied in the feces, but blood analyses have inherent advantages. OBJECTIVE: To review the recent learnings on the ability of blood-based neutrophil-expressed biomarkers to predict treatment outcomes in IBD. DESIGN: Systematic scoping review. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: We performed a literature search in Pubmed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until May 2022 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All human studies associating blood-based neutrophil-related compounds with the prediction of disease progression, complication onset, or treatment outcomes were included. RESULTS: From 1032 retrieved entries, 34 studies were selected, 32 published in 2013 or later. In all, 17 biomarkers from granules, cytoplasm, plasmatic membrane, and plasma were explored. In total, 1850 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 1122 ulcerative colitis non-duplicated patients were included. The most mentioned biomarkers were nCD64, serum calprotectin (SC), oncostatin M (OSM), neutrophil elastase-generated calprotectin fragment (CPa9-HNE), and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1). Six biomarkers showed promising results: OSM, SC, eNAMPT, nCD64, TREM1, and CPa9-HNE. Variable positive signals were found for human neutrophil peptide 1-3, LL-37, S100A12, and neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin. No predictive ability was found for the remaining markers. Sharing a neutrophil compartment did not indicate similar behavior. CONCLUSION: Advances in the last decade began to unveil the untapped potential of the readily accessible blood neutrophil-expressed biomarkers, especially nCD64, TREM1, and CPa9-HNE. Current evidence suggests that future research should focus on well-defined subpopulations instead of a one-size-fits-all biomarker. REGISTRATION: https://osf.io/kes9a.