Synergistic activation of genes promoting invasiveness by dual deprivation in oxygen and nutrients

By depriving cancer cells of blood supplies of oxygen and nutrients, anti‐angiogenic therapy is aimed at simultaneously asphyxiating and starving the cells. But in spite of its apparent logic, this strategy is generally counterproductive over the long term as the treatment seems to elicit malignancy. Since a defect of blood supply is expected to deprive tumours simultaneously of oxygen and nutrients naturally, we examine here these two deprivations, alone or in combination, on the phenotype and signalling pathways of moderately aggressive MCF7 cancer cells. Each deprivation induces some aspects of the aggressive and migratory phenotypes through activating several pathways, including HIF1‐alpha as expected, but also SRF/MRTFA and TCF4/beta‐catenin. Strikingly, the dual deprivation has strong cooperative effects on the upregulation of genes increasing the metastatic potential, such as four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) and HIF1A‐AS2 lncRNA, which have response elements for both pathways. Using anti‐angiogenic agents as monotherapy is therefore questionable as it may give falsely promising short‐term tumour regression, but could ultimately exacerbate aggressive phenotypes.