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Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq
Shwan sub-Basin is one of the substantial groundwater sources in northern Iraq. Along with an increase in population, agricultural and industrial activities synced with the change in climate conditions, all could have a negative impact on the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Therefore, it becomes cruc...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10011213/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36925519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13995 |
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author | Al-Gburi, Hind Fadhil Al-Tawash, Balsam Salim Al-Tamimi, Omer Sabah Schüth, Christoph |
author_facet | Al-Gburi, Hind Fadhil Al-Tawash, Balsam Salim Al-Tamimi, Omer Sabah Schüth, Christoph |
author_sort | Al-Gburi, Hind Fadhil |
collection | PubMed |
description | Shwan sub-Basin is one of the substantial groundwater sources in northern Iraq. Along with an increase in population, agricultural and industrial activities synced with the change in climate conditions, all could have a negative impact on the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Therefore, it becomes crucial to investigate the different processes that could affect hydrochemistry and water quality. Thirty-two groundwater samples were collected from wells distributed in the study area, and one surface water sample from Lesser Zab River, all water samples were gathered during two seasons. Hydrogeochemical model was performed on physiochemical analysis results by using PHREEQC software to understand the geochemical reactions occurring in groundwater. The results of the Saturated Index showed supersaturated values for calcite, aragonite and dolomite in groundwater samples during the first season in a percent of 84%. While the second season samples were supersaturated in percent of 40.6%, 37.5% and 46.8% for aragonite, calcite and dolomite minerals respectively. The Saturated Index shows supersaturated values of quartz mineral in most groundwater samples, which are sourced from the abundance of silicate minerals that are primarily included within the ambient rock materials of the tertiary and quaternary clastic aquifer system in the study region. The saturated index showed undersaturated values with most minerals of feldspar, halide and sulfate. However, these minerals were in a dissolution state, releasing significant amounts of Ca(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), HCO(3)(−), Cl(⁻) and SO(4)(2−) ions into the solution. Most of the groundwater samples were classified as earth-alkaline water with an increased portion of alkali with prevailing bicarbonate for two seasons, except the groundwater sample W2 was classified as earth-alkaline water with an increased portion of alkali with prevailing SO(4)(2⁻) and Cl(⁻). The water quality for human drinking was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI). The values of WQI were from 51.9 to 99.2 and from 53.9 to 88.5 for the first and the second seasons respectively. WQI revealed that most of the samples were classified as poor to very poor water quality, except the Lesser Zab River sample for the second season was good water quality and the sample W2 for the first season was unsuitable for drinking purposes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10011213 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100112132023-03-15 Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq Al-Gburi, Hind Fadhil Al-Tawash, Balsam Salim Al-Tamimi, Omer Sabah Schüth, Christoph Heliyon Research Article Shwan sub-Basin is one of the substantial groundwater sources in northern Iraq. Along with an increase in population, agricultural and industrial activities synced with the change in climate conditions, all could have a negative impact on the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Therefore, it becomes crucial to investigate the different processes that could affect hydrochemistry and water quality. Thirty-two groundwater samples were collected from wells distributed in the study area, and one surface water sample from Lesser Zab River, all water samples were gathered during two seasons. Hydrogeochemical model was performed on physiochemical analysis results by using PHREEQC software to understand the geochemical reactions occurring in groundwater. The results of the Saturated Index showed supersaturated values for calcite, aragonite and dolomite in groundwater samples during the first season in a percent of 84%. While the second season samples were supersaturated in percent of 40.6%, 37.5% and 46.8% for aragonite, calcite and dolomite minerals respectively. The Saturated Index shows supersaturated values of quartz mineral in most groundwater samples, which are sourced from the abundance of silicate minerals that are primarily included within the ambient rock materials of the tertiary and quaternary clastic aquifer system in the study region. The saturated index showed undersaturated values with most minerals of feldspar, halide and sulfate. However, these minerals were in a dissolution state, releasing significant amounts of Ca(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), HCO(3)(−), Cl(⁻) and SO(4)(2−) ions into the solution. Most of the groundwater samples were classified as earth-alkaline water with an increased portion of alkali with prevailing bicarbonate for two seasons, except the groundwater sample W2 was classified as earth-alkaline water with an increased portion of alkali with prevailing SO(4)(2⁻) and Cl(⁻). The water quality for human drinking was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI). The values of WQI were from 51.9 to 99.2 and from 53.9 to 88.5 for the first and the second seasons respectively. WQI revealed that most of the samples were classified as poor to very poor water quality, except the Lesser Zab River sample for the second season was good water quality and the sample W2 for the first season was unsuitable for drinking purposes. Elsevier 2023-02-26 /pmc/articles/PMC10011213/ /pubmed/36925519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13995 Text en © 2023 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Research Article Al-Gburi, Hind Fadhil Al-Tawash, Balsam Salim Al-Tamimi, Omer Sabah Schüth, Christoph Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title | Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title_full | Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title_fullStr | Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title_short | Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq |
title_sort | impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of shwan sub-basin, kirkuk, northern iraq |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10011213/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36925519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13995 |
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