Exposure to proton pump inhibitors and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been reported to have a potential role in the development of diabetes. AIM: To determine the association between PPIs and diabetes. METHODS: This meta-analysis is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022352704). In August 2022, eligible studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search. In this study, odds ratios were combined with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects model. The source of heterogeneity was assessed using sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis. The publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test and Begg’s test. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 9 studies with a total of 867185 participants. Results showed that the use of PPIs increased the risk of diabetes (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.43, n = 9, I(2 )= 96.3%). Subgroup analysis showed that geographic location and study type had significant effects on the overall results. Both Egger’s and Begg’s tests showed no publication bias (P > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis also confirmed the stability of the results. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that the use of PPIs was related to an increased risk of diabetes. However, more well-designed studies are needed to verify these results in the future.