First-principle study on the stability of Cd passivates in soil

The stable existence of heavy metals in soil under natural conditions is the core issue in heavy metal pollution solidification and remediation technology. However, the existing research is limited to soil passivation tests of different materials or biochar adsorption tests and cannot reveal the internal mechanism of functional groups of different compounds in soil passivation. This paper takes the common heavy metal ion Cd(2+) as an example to analyze the stability of the combination of heavy metal ions and common ion groups in soil. The stability and existing form of Cd are analyzed by using first-principle calculations, and the free energy, band structure, and partial density of states of CdCO(3), CdSO(4), CdCl(2), and CdSiO(3) are computed. The stability of Cd binding to common anions in soil is determined. Results show the descending order of structural stability of cadmium compounds is CdSiO(3), CdSO(4), CdCO(3), and CdCl(2). SO(4)(2−) and SiO(3)(2−) can be used as preferred functional groups for cadmium pollution passivation. Anhydrous sodium sulfate and sodium silicate are promising passivators.