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The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins

Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack...

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Autores principales: Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf, Sunagar, Kartik
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017107/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757362
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761
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author Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf
Sunagar, Kartik
author_facet Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf
Sunagar, Kartik
author_sort Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf
collection PubMed
description Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies.
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spelling pubmed-100171072023-03-16 The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf Sunagar, Kartik eLife Ecology Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd 2023-02-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10017107/ /pubmed/36757362 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761 Text en © 2023, Shaikh and Sunagar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Ecology
Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf
Sunagar, Kartik
The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title_full The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title_fullStr The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title_full_unstemmed The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title_short The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
title_sort deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
topic Ecology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017107/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757362
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761
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