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The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017107/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757362 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761 |
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author | Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf Sunagar, Kartik |
author_facet | Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf Sunagar, Kartik |
author_sort | Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf |
collection | PubMed |
description | Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10017107 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100171072023-03-16 The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf Sunagar, Kartik eLife Ecology Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd 2023-02-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10017107/ /pubmed/36757362 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761 Text en © 2023, Shaikh and Sunagar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Ecology Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf Sunagar, Kartik The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title_full | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title_fullStr | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title_full_unstemmed | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title_short | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
title_sort | deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
topic | Ecology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017107/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757362 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83761 |
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