Ultrafast tunable lasers using lithium niobate integrated photonics

Early works(1) and recent advances in thin-film lithium niobate (LiNbO(3)) on insulator have enabled low-loss photonic integrated circuits(2,3), modulators with improved half-wave voltage(4,5), electro-optic frequency combs(6) and on-chip electro-optic devices, with applications ranging from microwave photonics to microwave-to-optical quantum interfaces(7). Although recent advances have demonstrated tunable integrated lasers based on LiNbO(3) (refs. (8,9)), the full potential of this platform to demonstrate frequency-agile, narrow-linewidth integrated lasers has not been achieved. Here we report such a laser with a fast tuning rate based on a hybrid silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4))–LiNbO(3) photonic platform and demonstrate its use for coherent laser ranging. Our platform is based on heterogeneous integration of ultralow-loss Si(3)N(4) photonic integrated circuits with thin-film LiNbO(3) through direct bonding at the wafer level, in contrast to previously demonstrated chiplet-level integration(10), featuring low propagation loss of 8.5 decibels per metre, enabling narrow-linewidth lasing (intrinsic linewidth of 3 kilohertz) by self-injection locking to a laser diode. The hybrid mode of the resonator allows electro-optic laser frequency tuning at a speed of 12 × 10(15) hertz per second with high linearity and low hysteresis while retaining the narrow linewidth. Using a hybrid integrated laser, we perform a proof-of-concept coherent optical ranging (FMCW LiDAR) experiment. Endowing Si(3)N(4) photonic integrated circuits with LiNbO(3) creates a platform that combines the individual advantages of thin-film LiNbO(3) with those of Si(3)N(4), which show precise lithographic control, mature manufacturing and ultralow loss(11,12).