How Protons Move in Enzymes—The Case of Nitrogenase

[Image: see text] When moving protons in enzymes, water molecules are often used as intermediates. The water molecules used are not necessarily seen in the crystal structures if they move around at high rates. In a different situation, for metal containing cofactors in enzymes, it is sometimes necessary to move protons on the cofactor from the position they enter the cofactor to another position where the energy is lower. That is, for example, the situation in nitrogenase. In recent studies on that enzyme, prohibitively high barriers were sometimes found for transferring protons, and that was used as a strong argument against mechanisms where a sulfide is lost in the mechanism. A high barrier could be due to nonoptimal distances and angles at the transition state. In the present study, possibilities are investigated to use water molecules to reduce these barriers. The study is very general and could have been done for many other enzymes. The effect of water was found to be very large in the case of nitrogenase with a lowering of one barrier from 15.6 kcal/mol down to essentially zero. It is concluded that the effect of water molecules must be taken into account for meaningful results.