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Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology
High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Netherlands
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10030342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37363029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2 |
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author | Yang, Changyan Gong, Yu Qu, Yinhang Li, Jiayi Yang, Bohan Li, Rui Zhang, Dorothy S. Wang, Baowei Ding, Yigang Zhang, Bo |
author_facet | Yang, Changyan Gong, Yu Qu, Yinhang Li, Jiayi Yang, Bohan Li, Rui Zhang, Dorothy S. Wang, Baowei Ding, Yigang Zhang, Bo |
author_sort | Yang, Changyan |
collection | PubMed |
description | High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO(2) eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO(2) eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO(4)(3−)eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500–9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10030342 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Springer Netherlands |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100303422023-03-22 Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology Yang, Changyan Gong, Yu Qu, Yinhang Li, Jiayi Yang, Bohan Li, Rui Zhang, Dorothy S. Wang, Baowei Ding, Yigang Zhang, Bo Environ Dev Sustain Article High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO(2) eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO(2) eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO(4)(3−)eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500–9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2. Springer Netherlands 2023-03-22 /pmc/articles/PMC10030342/ /pubmed/37363029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2 Text en © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Article Yang, Changyan Gong, Yu Qu, Yinhang Li, Jiayi Yang, Bohan Li, Rui Zhang, Dorothy S. Wang, Baowei Ding, Yigang Zhang, Bo Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title | Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title_full | Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title_fullStr | Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title_full_unstemmed | Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title_short | Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
title_sort | formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10030342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37363029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2 |
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