Comprehensive analysis of nicotinamide metabolism-related signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women. Nicotinamide (NAM) metabolism regulates the development of multiple tumors. Herein, we sought to develop a NAM metabolism-related signature (NMRS) to make predictions of survival, tumor microenvironment (TME) and treatment efficacy in BC patients. METHODS: Transcriptional profiles and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. NAM metabolism-related genes (NMRGs) were retrieved from the Molecular Signatures Database. Consensus clustering was performed on the NMRGs and the differentially expressed genes between different clusters were identified. Univariate Cox, Lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were sequentially conducted to develop the NAM metabolism-related signature (NMRS), which was then validated in the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) single-cell RNA-seq data. Further studies, such as gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, SubMap, and Immunophenoscore (IPS) algorithm, cancer-immunity cycle (CIC), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and drug sensitivity were performed to assess the TME and treatment response. RESULTS: We identified a 6-gene NMRS that was significantly associated with BC prognosis as an independent indicator. We performed risk stratification according to the NMRS and the low-risk group showed preferable clinical outcomes (P < 0.001). A comprehensive nomogram was developed and showed excellent predictive value for prognosis. GSEA demonstrated that the low-risk group was predominantly enriched in immune-associated pathways, whereas the high-risk group was enriched in cancer-related pathways. The ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms revealed that the low-risk group had a higher abundance of anti-tumor immunocyte infiltration (P < 0.05). Results of Submap, IPS, CIC, TMB, and external immunotherapy cohort (iMvigor210) analyses showed that the low-risk group were indicative of better immunotherapy response (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The novel signature offers a promising way to evaluate the prognosis and treatment efficacy in BC patients, which may facilitate clinical practice and management.