Local application of a transcutaneous carbon dioxide paste prevents excessive scarring and promotes muscle regeneration in a bupivacaine‐induced rat model of muscle injury

In postoperative patients with head and neck cancer, scar tissue formation may interfere with the healing process, resulting in incomplete functional recovery and a reduced quality of life. Percutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been reported to improve hypoxia, stimulate angiogenesis, and promote fracture repair and muscle damage. However, gaseous CO(2) cannot be applied to the head and neck regions. Previously, we developed a paste that holds non‐gaseous CO(2) in a carrier and can be administered transdermally. Here, we investigated whether this paste could prevent excessive scarring and promote muscle regeneration using a bupivacaine‐induced rat model of muscle injury. Forty‐eight Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a control group or a CO(2) group. Both groups underwent surgery to induce muscle injury, but the control group received no treatment, whereas the CO(2) group received the CO(2) paste daily after surgery. Then, samples of the experimental sites were taken on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post‐surgery to examine the following: (1) inflammatory (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6), and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and myogenic (MyoD and myogenin) gene expression by polymerase chain reaction, (2) muscle regeneration with haematoxylin and eosin staining, and (3) MyoD and myogenin protein expression using immunohistochemical staining. Rats in the CO(2) group showed higher MyoD and myogenin expression and lower IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TGF‐β expression than the control rats. In addition, treated rats showed evidence of accelerated muscle regeneration. Our study demonstrated that the CO(2) paste prevents excessive scarring and accelerates muscle regeneration. This action may be exerted through the induction of an artificial Bohr effect, which leads to the upregulation of MyoD and myogenin, and the downregulation of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TGF‐β. The paste is inexpensive and non‐invasive. Thus, it may be the treatment of choice for patients with muscle damage.