Effects of the surface irregularity of termite tunnels on food transport efficiency: a simulation study

Termites are believed to have evolved in a way that optimizes their foraging efficiency, which involves both searching for food and transporting it efficiently. Although the search efficiency has been well-studied through tunnel pattern analysis, transport efficiency has received limited attention due to the challenges of directly observing behavior that is highly influenced by environmental conditions. In this study, we introduce an individual-based model to simulate transport behavior and examine transport efficiency (E) by considering the tunnel surface irregularities and curvature, which are critical environmental factors. The model is characterized by four control variables: tunnel curvature (k(1)), termite stopping time at irregularity sites (k(2)), irregularity distribution (k(3)), and irregularity density (k(4)). The simulation results indicate that as k(1) increases, E decreases, while k(3) has little impact on E. The impact of k(4) on E is decisive; when k(4) ≤ 6, an increase in k(4) results in increased traffic jam frequency and a faster reduction in E. However, when k(4) > 6, the jamming frequency is not significantly affected, reducing the decrease in E. k(2) strongly contributes to reducing E without significantly affecting the frequency. In the discussion section, we explore potential mechanisms that termites use to maintain transport efficiency in heterogeneous soils, and discuss how to improve the model to better reflect real-termite systems.