Insights into the Origin of High Activity of Ni(5)P(4)(0001) for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

[Image: see text] Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is directly relevant to green hydrogen production from water splitting. Recently, a low-cost Ni(5)P(4) material has been demonstrated experimentally and theoretically to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity toward HER. However, a fundamental understanding of the origin of Ni(5)P(4)(0001) activity is still lacking. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed for a comprehensive investigation. The calculation results indicate that the Ni(5)P(4)(0001) surface exposing Ni(3)P(4) termination gains the highest stability, on which a nearly thermoneutral hydrogen adsorption was found at the P(3)-hollow sites, providing a high activity for HER. The activity was also observed to be maintained over a wide H-coverage. HER occurs via the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism as evidenced from the optimal hydrogen adsorption free energy, but unlikely through the Tafel reaction due to its large energy barrier. Furthermore, the P(3)-hollow sites also exhibit a low kinetic barrier for water dissociation, promoting HER in alkaline media. A series of electronic structure analyses were performed in gaining insights into the origin of the HER activity. First, the density of states (DOS) and crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analyses revealed a favorable interaction of electronic states between P and H atoms, leading to stable H adsorption at P(3)-hollow sites. In addition, the Bader charge analysis demonstrates that the strength of H adsorption at P(3)-hollow sites linearly increases with the electrons carried by the latter. The optimal net charge on the P(3)-hollow sites leads to a desired ΔG(H) that is close-to-zero. Finally, a highly efficient electron transfer was observed between the P(3)-hollow sites and their neighboring atoms, facilitating the HER.