Factors Affecting Pain in Hemodialysis and Non-pharmacological Management

Pain is a frequent problem among hemodialysis patients, mostly caused by painful procedures, acute complications of hemodialysis, and painful syndromes, such as musculoskeletal and neuropathic syndromes. Pain can frequently lead to sleep disturbances, reduced adherence to hemodialysis treatment, frequent hospital admissions, decreased quality of life, and high mortality rates. Non-pharmacological management of pain in the hemodialysis population includes aerobic and resistance exercises, music therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The present review focuses on the factors affecting pain in hemodialysis and its non-pharmacological management, offering important information to renal professionals.