Importance of Monitoring Fetal and Neonatal Vitality in Bovine Practices

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The assessment of fetal and neonatal vitality plays an essential role in preventing stillbirth in bovine cattle. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of fetal vitality prior to obstetric assistance or neonatal vitality after birth is crucial for ensuring prompt and accurate treatment. If severe asphyxia occurs before the availability of obstetric assistance, a cesarean section can be performed as a less life-threatening alternative for the fetus. In cases where severe asphyxia is diagnosed postnatally, available resuscitation methods can be employed in an attempt to protect the newborn’s life. However, it must be noted that the potential for such interventions remains limited in dairy and beef practices, underscoring the importance of preventing stillbirths. Consequently, this review focuses on the diagnostic possibilities and limitations related to the evaluation of fetal and neonatal vitality in dairy and beef practices. ABSTRACT: Prior to initiating any obstetrical intervention for anterior or posterior presentation, it is imperative to emphasize the need for a precise and accurate diagnosis of fetal viability and to select the most appropriate approach for assistance. In uncertain cases, diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography, pulse oximeter, or measurement of acid–base balance or lactate concentration may be employed to confirm the diagnosis. In situations of severe asphyxia, a cesarean section is preferred over traction, even if the duration of asphyxia is less than 60 s, to maximize the likelihood of the survival of the fetus. Postcalving, several vitality scores have been proposed to evaluate the vigor of the newborn calf. Originally, four different clinical signs were recommended for assessing the well-being of newborn calves. Subsequently, five or more different clinical signs were recommended to evaluate vitality. However, despite the efforts for devising a practical tool to assess newborn calf vitality; a user-friendly and highly accurate instrument that can be used on farms remains elusive. Measuring the acid–base balance or lactate concentration may increase the diagnostic accuracy. It is critical to emphasize the importance of reducing the incidence of dystocia to mitigate the occurrence of severe asphyxia. In instances where asphyxia is unavoidable, adequate treatments should be administered to minimize losses.