Visible-light-induced superhydrophilicity of crystallized WO(3) thin films fabricated by using a newly isolated W(6+) complex salt of citric acid

Transparent tungsten trioxide thin films, which demonstrated visible-light (Vis-light)-induced superhydrophilicity, with thicknesses of 100–120 nm, adhesion strengths greater than 49 MPa, bandgap energies of 2.8–2.9 eV, and haze values of 0.4–0.5%, were fabricated using a solution-based process on quartz glass substrates. The precursor solution was prepared by dissolving a W(6+) complex salt isolated from a reacted solution of tungstic acid, citric acid, and dibutylamine in H(2)O, in ethanol. By heating the spin-coated films in air for 30 min at temperatures higher than 500 °C, crystallized WO(3) thin films were obtained. The O/W atomic ratio was evaluated to be 2.90, based on the peak area analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the thin-film surfaces, indicating the co-presence of W(5+) ions. The water contact angle on film surfaces, which was approximately 25° prior to light irradiation, decreased to less than 10° upon irradiation with 0.06 mW cm(−2) Vis-light for only 20 min at 20–25 °C and a relative humidity (RH) of 40–50%. By comparing the contact angle changes at RH values of 20–25%, it was revealed that the interaction between ambient water molecules and the partially O-deficient WO(3) thin films plays an important role in achieving photoinduced superhydrophilicity.