CFD Computation of Flow Fractional Reserve (FFR) in Coronary Artery Trees Using a Novel Physiologically Based Algorithm (PBA) Under 3D Steady and Pulsatile Flow Conditions

A novel physiologically based algorithm (PBA) for the computation of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in coronary artery trees (CATs) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is proposed and developed. The PBA was based on an extension of Murray’s law and additional inlet conditions prescribed iteratively and was implemented in OpenFOAM v1912 for testing and validation. 3D models of CATs were created using CT scans and computational meshes, and the results were compared to invasive coronary angiographic (ICA) data to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the PBA. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental FFR was within 2.33–5.26% in the steady-state and transient simulations, respectively, when convergence was reached. The PBA was a reliable and physiologically sound technique compared to a current lumped parameter model (LPM), which is based on empirical scaling correlations and requires nonlinear iterative computing for convergence. The accuracy of the PBA method was further confirmed using an FDA nozzle, which demonstrated good alignment with the CFD-validated values.