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HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers

Genomic instability and genetic mutations can lead to exhibition of several cancer hallmarks in affected cells such as sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppression, activated invasion, deregulation of cellular energetics, and avoidance of immune destruction. Similar biological ch...

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Autores principales: Stricker, Erik, Peckham-Gregory, Erin C., Scheurer, Michael E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10046157/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36979914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030936
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author Stricker, Erik
Peckham-Gregory, Erin C.
Scheurer, Michael E.
author_facet Stricker, Erik
Peckham-Gregory, Erin C.
Scheurer, Michael E.
author_sort Stricker, Erik
collection PubMed
description Genomic instability and genetic mutations can lead to exhibition of several cancer hallmarks in affected cells such as sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppression, activated invasion, deregulation of cellular energetics, and avoidance of immune destruction. Similar biological changes have been observed to be a result of pathogenic viruses and, in some cases, have been linked to virus-induced cancers. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), once external pathogens, now occupy more than 8% of the human genome, representing the merge of genomic and external factors. In this review, we outline all reported effects of HERVs on cancer development and discuss the HERV targets most suitable for cancer treatments as well as ongoing clinical trials for HERV-targeting drugs. We reviewed all currently available reports of the effects of HERVs on human cancers including solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias. Our review highlights the central roles of HERV genes, such as gag, env, pol, np9, and rec in immune regulation, checkpoint blockade, cell differentiation, cell fusion, proliferation, metastasis, and cell transformation. In addition, we summarize the involvement of HERV long terminal repeat (LTR) regions in transcriptional regulation, creation of fusion proteins, expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and promotion of genome instability through recombination.
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spelling pubmed-100461572023-03-29 HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers Stricker, Erik Peckham-Gregory, Erin C. Scheurer, Michael E. Biomedicines Review Genomic instability and genetic mutations can lead to exhibition of several cancer hallmarks in affected cells such as sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppression, activated invasion, deregulation of cellular energetics, and avoidance of immune destruction. Similar biological changes have been observed to be a result of pathogenic viruses and, in some cases, have been linked to virus-induced cancers. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), once external pathogens, now occupy more than 8% of the human genome, representing the merge of genomic and external factors. In this review, we outline all reported effects of HERVs on cancer development and discuss the HERV targets most suitable for cancer treatments as well as ongoing clinical trials for HERV-targeting drugs. We reviewed all currently available reports of the effects of HERVs on human cancers including solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias. Our review highlights the central roles of HERV genes, such as gag, env, pol, np9, and rec in immune regulation, checkpoint blockade, cell differentiation, cell fusion, proliferation, metastasis, and cell transformation. In addition, we summarize the involvement of HERV long terminal repeat (LTR) regions in transcriptional regulation, creation of fusion proteins, expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and promotion of genome instability through recombination. MDPI 2023-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10046157/ /pubmed/36979914 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030936 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Stricker, Erik
Peckham-Gregory, Erin C.
Scheurer, Michael E.
HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title_full HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title_fullStr HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title_full_unstemmed HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title_short HERVs and Cancer—A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers
title_sort hervs and cancer—a comprehensive review of the relationship of human endogenous retroviruses and human cancers
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10046157/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36979914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030936
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