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Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review

Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/act...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Srinivas, Sakthivel, Senthil Kumar, Annamalai
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10046220/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36979565
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030353
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author Srinivas, Sakthivel
Senthil Kumar, Annamalai
author_facet Srinivas, Sakthivel
Senthil Kumar, Annamalai
author_sort Srinivas, Sakthivel
collection PubMed
description Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/activation procedure is highly preferred for using it as an electroactive working electrode for electroanalytical applications. In this article, we review various surface pre-treatment and modification procedures adopted in the literature with respect to the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine as a model system. Specific generation of the carbon–oxygen functional group, along with partial surface exfoliation of PGE, has been referred to as a key step for the activation. Based on the Scopus(®) index, the literature collection was searched with the keywords “pencil and dopamine”. The obtained data were segregated into three main headings as: (i) electrochemically pre-treated PGE; (ii) polymer-modified PGEs; and (iii) metal and metal nanocomposite-modified PGE. This critical review covers various surface activation procedures adopted for the activation for PGE suitable for dopamine electroanalytical application.
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spelling pubmed-100462202023-03-29 Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review Srinivas, Sakthivel Senthil Kumar, Annamalai Biosensors (Basel) Review Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/activation procedure is highly preferred for using it as an electroactive working electrode for electroanalytical applications. In this article, we review various surface pre-treatment and modification procedures adopted in the literature with respect to the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine as a model system. Specific generation of the carbon–oxygen functional group, along with partial surface exfoliation of PGE, has been referred to as a key step for the activation. Based on the Scopus(®) index, the literature collection was searched with the keywords “pencil and dopamine”. The obtained data were segregated into three main headings as: (i) electrochemically pre-treated PGE; (ii) polymer-modified PGEs; and (iii) metal and metal nanocomposite-modified PGE. This critical review covers various surface activation procedures adopted for the activation for PGE suitable for dopamine electroanalytical application. MDPI 2023-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC10046220/ /pubmed/36979565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030353 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Srinivas, Sakthivel
Senthil Kumar, Annamalai
Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title_full Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title_fullStr Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title_full_unstemmed Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title_short Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review
title_sort surface-activated pencil graphite electrode for dopamine sensor applications: a critical review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10046220/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36979565
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030353
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