Implication of Obesity and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in the Etiology of Colorectal Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies suggest that gut dysbiosis, i.e., abnormal perturbations in the gut microbiome (the highly diverse and complex community of microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract) may play a crucial role in this obesity–CRC link. This microbiome imbalance can lead to alterations in the metabolism of the microbiome that can promote cancer development. Therefore, understanding the role of obesity and associated gut dysbiosis can help in identifying novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of CRC. ABSTRACT: The complexity and variety of gut microbiomes within and among individuals have been extensively studied in recent years in connection to human health and diseases. Our growing understanding of the bidirectional communication between metabolic diseases and the gut microbiome has also highlighted the significance of gut microbiome dysbiosis in the genesis and development of obesity-related cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the possible role of the gut microbiota in the crosstalk between obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC). Through the induction of gut microbial dysbiosis, gut epithelial barrier impairment, metabolomic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, or dysregulation in energy harvesting, obesity may promote the development of colorectal tumors. It is well known that strategies for cancer prevention and treatment are most effective when combined with a healthy diet, physical activity, and active lifestyle choices. Recent studies also suggest that an improved understanding of the complex linkages between the gut microbiome and various cancers as well as metabolic diseases can potentially improve cancer treatments and overall outcomes. In this context, we herein review and summarize the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the functional role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC concerning obesity and its metabolic correlates, which may pave the way for the development of novel prognostic tools for CRC prevention. Therapeutic approaches for restoring the microbiome homeostasis in conjunction with cancer treatments are also discussed herein.