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Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System

Microwave ablation can produce immune activation due to thermal effects. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In this study, we sequentially exposed rats to 1.5 GHz microwave for 6 min and 2.8 GHz microwave for 6 min at an average power den...

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Autores principales: Yao, Chuanfu, Dong, Ji, Ren, Ke, Sun, Liu, Wang, Hui, Zhang, Jing, Wang, Haoyu, Xu, Xinping, Yao, Binwei, Zhou, Hongmei, Zhao, Li, Peng, Ruiyun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049199/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36981897
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064988
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author Yao, Chuanfu
Dong, Ji
Ren, Ke
Sun, Liu
Wang, Hui
Zhang, Jing
Wang, Haoyu
Xu, Xinping
Yao, Binwei
Zhou, Hongmei
Zhao, Li
Peng, Ruiyun
author_facet Yao, Chuanfu
Dong, Ji
Ren, Ke
Sun, Liu
Wang, Hui
Zhang, Jing
Wang, Haoyu
Xu, Xinping
Yao, Binwei
Zhou, Hongmei
Zhao, Li
Peng, Ruiyun
author_sort Yao, Chuanfu
collection PubMed
description Microwave ablation can produce immune activation due to thermal effects. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In this study, we sequentially exposed rats to 1.5 GHz microwave for 6 min and 2.8 GHz microwave for 6 min at an average power density of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm(2). The structure of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were observed, and we showed that multifrequency microwave exposure caused tissue injuries, such as congestion and nuclear fragmentation in lymphocytes. Ultrastructural injuries, including mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial cristae rupture, and mitochondrial cavitation, were observed, especially in the 30 mW/cm(2) microwave-exposed group. Generally, multifrequency microwaves decreased white blood cells, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, in peripheral blood, from 7 d to 28 d after exposure. Microwaves with an average density of 30 mW/cm(2) produced much more significant inhibitory effects on immune cells. Moreover, multifrequency microwaves at 10 and 30 mW/cm(2), but not 5 mW/cm(2), reduced the serum levels of several cytokines, such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), at 7 d and 14 d after exposure. We also found similar alterations in immunoglobulins (Igs), IgG, and IgM in serum. However, no obvious changes in complement proteins were detected. In conclusion, multifrequency microwave exposure of 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz caused both structural injuries of immune tissues and functional impairment in immune cells. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop an effective strategy to protect people from multifrequency microwave-induced immune suppression.
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spelling pubmed-100491992023-03-29 Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System Yao, Chuanfu Dong, Ji Ren, Ke Sun, Liu Wang, Hui Zhang, Jing Wang, Haoyu Xu, Xinping Yao, Binwei Zhou, Hongmei Zhao, Li Peng, Ruiyun Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Microwave ablation can produce immune activation due to thermal effects. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In this study, we sequentially exposed rats to 1.5 GHz microwave for 6 min and 2.8 GHz microwave for 6 min at an average power density of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm(2). The structure of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were observed, and we showed that multifrequency microwave exposure caused tissue injuries, such as congestion and nuclear fragmentation in lymphocytes. Ultrastructural injuries, including mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial cristae rupture, and mitochondrial cavitation, were observed, especially in the 30 mW/cm(2) microwave-exposed group. Generally, multifrequency microwaves decreased white blood cells, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, in peripheral blood, from 7 d to 28 d after exposure. Microwaves with an average density of 30 mW/cm(2) produced much more significant inhibitory effects on immune cells. Moreover, multifrequency microwaves at 10 and 30 mW/cm(2), but not 5 mW/cm(2), reduced the serum levels of several cytokines, such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), at 7 d and 14 d after exposure. We also found similar alterations in immunoglobulins (Igs), IgG, and IgM in serum. However, no obvious changes in complement proteins were detected. In conclusion, multifrequency microwave exposure of 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz caused both structural injuries of immune tissues and functional impairment in immune cells. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop an effective strategy to protect people from multifrequency microwave-induced immune suppression. MDPI 2023-03-12 /pmc/articles/PMC10049199/ /pubmed/36981897 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064988 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Yao, Chuanfu
Dong, Ji
Ren, Ke
Sun, Liu
Wang, Hui
Zhang, Jing
Wang, Haoyu
Xu, Xinping
Yao, Binwei
Zhou, Hongmei
Zhao, Li
Peng, Ruiyun
Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title_full Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title_fullStr Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title_full_unstemmed Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title_short Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System
title_sort accumulative effects of multifrequency microwave exposure with 1.5 ghz and 2.8 ghz on the structures and functions of the immune system
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049199/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36981897
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064988
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