Adapting to visuomotor rotations in stepped increments increases implicit motor learning

Human motor adaptation relies on both explicit conscious strategies and implicit unconscious updating of internal models to correct motor errors. Implicit adaptation is powerful, requiring less preparation time before executing adapted movements, but recent work suggests it is limited to some absolute magnitude regardless of the size of a visuomotor perturbation when the perturbation is introduced abruptly. It is commonly assumed that gradually introducing a perturbation should lead to improved implicit learning beyond this limit, but outcomes are conflicting. We tested whether introducing a perturbation in two distinct gradual methods can overcome the apparent limit and explain past conflicting findings. We found that gradually introducing a perturbation in a stepped manner, where participants were given time to adapt to each partial step before being introduced to a larger partial step, led to ~ 80% higher implicit aftereffects of learning, but introducing it in a ramped manner, where participants adapted larger rotations on each subsequent reach, did not. Our results clearly show that gradual introduction of a perturbation can lead to substantially larger implicit adaptation, as well as identify the type of introduction that is necessary to do so.