Enhancing the Photovoltaic Properties via Incorporation of Selenophene Units in Organic Chromophores with A(2)-π(2)-A(1)-π(1)-A(2) Configuration: A DFT-Based Exploration

Currently, polymer organic solar cells (POSCs) are widely utilized due to their significant application, such as low-cost power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Therefore, we designed a series of photovoltaic materials (D1, D2, D3, D5 and D7) by the incorporation of selenophene units (n = 1–7) as π(1)-spacers by considering the importance of POSCs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were accomplished at MPW1PW91/6-311G (d, p) functional to explore the impact of additional selenophene units on the photovoltaic behavior of the above-mentioned compounds. A comparative analysis was conducted for designed compounds and reference compounds (D1). Reduction in energy gaps (∆E = 2.399 − 2.064 eV) with broader absorption wavelength (λ(max) = 655.480 − 728.376 nm) in chloroform along with larger charge transference rate was studied with the addition of selenophene units as compared to D1. A significantly higher exciton dissociation rate was studied as lower values of binding energy (E(b) = 0.508 − 0.362 eV) were noted in derivatives than in the reference (E(b) = 0.526 eV). Moreover, transition density matrix (TDM) and density of state (DOS) data also supported the efficient charge transition origination from HOMOs to LUMOs. Open circuit voltage (V(oc)) was also calculated for all the aforesaid compounds to check the efficiency, and significant results were seen (1.633–1.549 V). All the analyses supported our compounds as efficient POSCs materials with significant efficacy. These compounds might encourage the experimental researchers to synthesize them due to proficient photovoltaic materials.