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Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand
Thailand has made substantial progress towards malaria elimination, with 46 of the country’s 77 provinces declared malaria-free as part of the subnational verification program. Nonetheless, these areas remain vulnerable to the reintroduction of malaria parasites and the reestablishment of indigenous...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10051531/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36977180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030179 |
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author | Prempree, Preecha Bisanzio, Donal Sudathip, Prayuth Kanjanasuwan, Jerdsuda Powell, Isabel Gopinath, Deyer Suttiwong, Chalita Pinyajeerapat, Niparueradee Poortinga, Ate Sintasath, David Shah, Jui A. |
author_facet | Prempree, Preecha Bisanzio, Donal Sudathip, Prayuth Kanjanasuwan, Jerdsuda Powell, Isabel Gopinath, Deyer Suttiwong, Chalita Pinyajeerapat, Niparueradee Poortinga, Ate Sintasath, David Shah, Jui A. |
author_sort | Prempree, Preecha |
collection | PubMed |
description | Thailand has made substantial progress towards malaria elimination, with 46 of the country’s 77 provinces declared malaria-free as part of the subnational verification program. Nonetheless, these areas remain vulnerable to the reintroduction of malaria parasites and the reestablishment of indigenous transmission. As such, prevention of reestablishment (POR) planning is of increasing concern to ensure timely response to increasing cases. A thorough understanding of both the risk of parasite importation and receptivity for transmission is essential for successful POR planning. Routine geolocated case- and foci-level epidemiological and case-level demographic data were extracted from Thailand’s national malaria information system for all active foci from October 2012 to September 2020. A spatial analysis examined environmental and climate factors associated with the remaining active foci. A logistic regression model collated surveillance data with remote sensing data to investigate associations with the probability of having reported an indigenous case within the previous year. Active foci are highly concentrated along international borders, particularly Thailand’s western border with Myanmar. Although there is heterogeneity in the habitats surrounding active foci, land covered by tropical forest and plantation was significantly higher for active foci than other foci. The regression results showed that tropical forest, plantations, forest disturbance, distance from international borders, historical foci classification, percentage of males, and percentage of short-term residents were associated with the high probability of reporting indigenous cases. These results confirm that Thailand’s emphasis on border areas and forest-going populations is well placed. The results suggest that environmental factors alone are not driving malaria transmission in Thailand; rather, other factors, including demographics and behaviors that intersect with exophagic vectors, may also be contributors. However, these factors are syndemic, so human activities in areas covered by tropical forests and plantations may result in malaria importation and, potentially, local transmission, in foci that had previously been cleared. These factors should be addressed in POR planning. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10051531 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100515312023-03-30 Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand Prempree, Preecha Bisanzio, Donal Sudathip, Prayuth Kanjanasuwan, Jerdsuda Powell, Isabel Gopinath, Deyer Suttiwong, Chalita Pinyajeerapat, Niparueradee Poortinga, Ate Sintasath, David Shah, Jui A. Trop Med Infect Dis Article Thailand has made substantial progress towards malaria elimination, with 46 of the country’s 77 provinces declared malaria-free as part of the subnational verification program. Nonetheless, these areas remain vulnerable to the reintroduction of malaria parasites and the reestablishment of indigenous transmission. As such, prevention of reestablishment (POR) planning is of increasing concern to ensure timely response to increasing cases. A thorough understanding of both the risk of parasite importation and receptivity for transmission is essential for successful POR planning. Routine geolocated case- and foci-level epidemiological and case-level demographic data were extracted from Thailand’s national malaria information system for all active foci from October 2012 to September 2020. A spatial analysis examined environmental and climate factors associated with the remaining active foci. A logistic regression model collated surveillance data with remote sensing data to investigate associations with the probability of having reported an indigenous case within the previous year. Active foci are highly concentrated along international borders, particularly Thailand’s western border with Myanmar. Although there is heterogeneity in the habitats surrounding active foci, land covered by tropical forest and plantation was significantly higher for active foci than other foci. The regression results showed that tropical forest, plantations, forest disturbance, distance from international borders, historical foci classification, percentage of males, and percentage of short-term residents were associated with the high probability of reporting indigenous cases. These results confirm that Thailand’s emphasis on border areas and forest-going populations is well placed. The results suggest that environmental factors alone are not driving malaria transmission in Thailand; rather, other factors, including demographics and behaviors that intersect with exophagic vectors, may also be contributors. However, these factors are syndemic, so human activities in areas covered by tropical forests and plantations may result in malaria importation and, potentially, local transmission, in foci that had previously been cleared. These factors should be addressed in POR planning. MDPI 2023-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10051531/ /pubmed/36977180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030179 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Prempree, Preecha Bisanzio, Donal Sudathip, Prayuth Kanjanasuwan, Jerdsuda Powell, Isabel Gopinath, Deyer Suttiwong, Chalita Pinyajeerapat, Niparueradee Poortinga, Ate Sintasath, David Shah, Jui A. Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title | Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title_full | Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title_fullStr | Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title_short | Environmental Factors Linked to Reporting of Active Malaria Foci in Thailand |
title_sort | environmental factors linked to reporting of active malaria foci in thailand |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10051531/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36977180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030179 |
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