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Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?
The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10052541/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36986285 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030363 |
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author | Gieryńska, Małgorzata Szulc-Dąbrowska, Lidia Struzik, Justyna Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Karolina Paulina Mielcarska, Matylda Barbara Toka, Felix Ngosa Schollenberger, Ada Biernacka, Zuzanna |
author_facet | Gieryńska, Małgorzata Szulc-Dąbrowska, Lidia Struzik, Justyna Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Karolina Paulina Mielcarska, Matylda Barbara Toka, Felix Ngosa Schollenberger, Ada Biernacka, Zuzanna |
author_sort | Gieryńska, Małgorzata |
collection | PubMed |
description | The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10052541 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100525412023-03-30 Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? Gieryńska, Małgorzata Szulc-Dąbrowska, Lidia Struzik, Justyna Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Karolina Paulina Mielcarska, Matylda Barbara Toka, Felix Ngosa Schollenberger, Ada Biernacka, Zuzanna Pathogens Review The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections. MDPI 2023-02-21 /pmc/articles/PMC10052541/ /pubmed/36986285 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030363 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gieryńska, Małgorzata Szulc-Dąbrowska, Lidia Struzik, Justyna Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Karolina Paulina Mielcarska, Matylda Barbara Toka, Felix Ngosa Schollenberger, Ada Biernacka, Zuzanna Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title | Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title_full | Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title_fullStr | Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title_full_unstemmed | Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title_short | Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? |
title_sort | orthopoxvirus zoonoses—do we still remember and are ready to fight? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10052541/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36986285 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030363 |
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