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Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology

Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease’s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual’s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th ce...

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Autores principales: Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario, Rodríguez-Malagón, Maria Elisa, Botello-González, Loubette, Belden-Reyes, Valeria, Amparo, Francisco, Garza-Leon, Manuel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10053626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36983878
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030723
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author Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario
Rodríguez-Malagón, Maria Elisa
Botello-González, Loubette
Belden-Reyes, Valeria
Amparo, Francisco
Garza-Leon, Manuel
author_facet Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario
Rodríguez-Malagón, Maria Elisa
Botello-González, Loubette
Belden-Reyes, Valeria
Amparo, Francisco
Garza-Leon, Manuel
author_sort Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario
collection PubMed
description Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease’s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual’s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th century, various forms of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Traditionally, methods for measuring temperature can be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. In recent years, great technological advances have reduced the cost of thermographic cameras, which allowed extending their use. Thermal cameras capture the infrared radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum and process the images to represent the temperature of the object under study through a range of colors, where each color and its hue indicate a previously established temperature. Currently, cameras have a sensitivity that allows them to detect changes in temperature as small as 0.01 °C. Along with its use in other areas of medicine, thermography has been used at the ocular level for more than 50 years. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that the average corneal temperature ranges from 32.9 to 36 °C. One of the possible sources of variability in normal values is age, and other possible sources of variation are gender and external temperature. In addition to the evaluation of healthy subjects, thermography has been used to evaluate its usefulness in various eye diseases, such as Graves’ orbitopathy, and tear duct obstruction for orbital diseases. The ocular surface is the most studied area. Ocular surface temperature is influenced by multiple conditions, one of the most studied being dry eye; other diseases studied include allergic conjunctivitis and pterygium as well as systemic diseases such as carotid artery stenosis. Among the corneal diseases studied are keratoconus, infectious keratitis, corneal graft rejection, the use of scleral or soft contact lenses, and the response to refractive or cataract surgery. Other diseases where thermographic features have been reported are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusions, intraocular tumors as well as scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases.
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spelling pubmed-100536262023-03-30 Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario Rodríguez-Malagón, Maria Elisa Botello-González, Loubette Belden-Reyes, Valeria Amparo, Francisco Garza-Leon, Manuel Life (Basel) Review Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease’s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual’s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th century, various forms of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Traditionally, methods for measuring temperature can be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. In recent years, great technological advances have reduced the cost of thermographic cameras, which allowed extending their use. Thermal cameras capture the infrared radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum and process the images to represent the temperature of the object under study through a range of colors, where each color and its hue indicate a previously established temperature. Currently, cameras have a sensitivity that allows them to detect changes in temperature as small as 0.01 °C. Along with its use in other areas of medicine, thermography has been used at the ocular level for more than 50 years. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that the average corneal temperature ranges from 32.9 to 36 °C. One of the possible sources of variability in normal values is age, and other possible sources of variation are gender and external temperature. In addition to the evaluation of healthy subjects, thermography has been used to evaluate its usefulness in various eye diseases, such as Graves’ orbitopathy, and tear duct obstruction for orbital diseases. The ocular surface is the most studied area. Ocular surface temperature is influenced by multiple conditions, one of the most studied being dry eye; other diseases studied include allergic conjunctivitis and pterygium as well as systemic diseases such as carotid artery stenosis. Among the corneal diseases studied are keratoconus, infectious keratitis, corneal graft rejection, the use of scleral or soft contact lenses, and the response to refractive or cataract surgery. Other diseases where thermographic features have been reported are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusions, intraocular tumors as well as scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases. MDPI 2023-03-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10053626/ /pubmed/36983878 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030723 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario
Rodríguez-Malagón, Maria Elisa
Botello-González, Loubette
Belden-Reyes, Valeria
Amparo, Francisco
Garza-Leon, Manuel
Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title_full Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title_fullStr Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title_full_unstemmed Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title_short Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology
title_sort applications of infrared thermography in ophthalmology
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10053626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36983878
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030723
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