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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), first discovered in 2000, serves as an important counterregulatory enzyme to the angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic actions of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Conversion of angiotensin II to the peptide angiotensin...

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Autores principales: Alabsi, Sarah, Dhole, Atharva, Hozayen, Sameh, Chapman, Scott A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10054549/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36985188
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030612
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author Alabsi, Sarah
Dhole, Atharva
Hozayen, Sameh
Chapman, Scott A.
author_facet Alabsi, Sarah
Dhole, Atharva
Hozayen, Sameh
Chapman, Scott A.
author_sort Alabsi, Sarah
collection PubMed
description Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), first discovered in 2000, serves as an important counterregulatory enzyme to the angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic actions of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Conversion of angiotensin II to the peptide angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7) exerts protective vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic actions through interaction with the MasR receptor. There are many important considerations when noting the role of ACE2 in the pathogenesis and sequelae of COVID-19 infection. ACE2, in the role of COVID-19 infection, was recognized early in 2020 at the beginning of the pandemic as a cell membrane-bound and soluble binding site for the viral spike protein facilitating entering into tissue cells expressing ACE2, such as the lungs, heart, gut, and kidneys. Mechanisms exist that alter the magnitude of circulating and membrane-bound ACE2 (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral variants, patient characteristics, chronic disease states, and the degree of cell surface expression of ACE2) and the influence these mechanisms have on the severity of disease and associated complications (e.g., respiratory failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute myocarditis, acute kidney injury). Several medications alter the ACE2 receptor expression, but whether these medications can influence the course of the disease and improve outcomes is unclear. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the interrelation of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and the factors that may contribute to the variability of its expression and potential contributors to the severity of COVID-19 infection.
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spelling pubmed-100545492023-03-30 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alabsi, Sarah Dhole, Atharva Hozayen, Sameh Chapman, Scott A. Microorganisms Review Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), first discovered in 2000, serves as an important counterregulatory enzyme to the angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic actions of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Conversion of angiotensin II to the peptide angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7) exerts protective vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic actions through interaction with the MasR receptor. There are many important considerations when noting the role of ACE2 in the pathogenesis and sequelae of COVID-19 infection. ACE2, in the role of COVID-19 infection, was recognized early in 2020 at the beginning of the pandemic as a cell membrane-bound and soluble binding site for the viral spike protein facilitating entering into tissue cells expressing ACE2, such as the lungs, heart, gut, and kidneys. Mechanisms exist that alter the magnitude of circulating and membrane-bound ACE2 (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral variants, patient characteristics, chronic disease states, and the degree of cell surface expression of ACE2) and the influence these mechanisms have on the severity of disease and associated complications (e.g., respiratory failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute myocarditis, acute kidney injury). Several medications alter the ACE2 receptor expression, but whether these medications can influence the course of the disease and improve outcomes is unclear. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the interrelation of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and the factors that may contribute to the variability of its expression and potential contributors to the severity of COVID-19 infection. MDPI 2023-02-28 /pmc/articles/PMC10054549/ /pubmed/36985188 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030612 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Alabsi, Sarah
Dhole, Atharva
Hozayen, Sameh
Chapman, Scott A.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title_full Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title_fullStr Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title_full_unstemmed Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title_short Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
title_sort angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression and severity of sars-cov-2 infection
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10054549/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36985188
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030612
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